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Civil war has been a recurring feature of human societies throughout history - and an essential catalyst for major international conflict. Since 1945 the number of civil wars in the world has grown steadily, bringing devastation on a scale more traditionally associated with international wars. In spite of this, there is no standard treatise on civil war to compare with the classic works we have on war, revolution, or peace. On the one hand, historians have tended to treat the 'big' civil wars such as the American and the Spanish in isolation. On the other, social scientists have concentrated on identifying common patterns, without looking in too much detail at the specifics of any given conflict. Focusing on the numerous civil conflicts that have occurred throughout the world since the Second World War, the author bridges this gap, asking what the recent social-science literature adds to what we already know about civil war, but also how insights from the historical literature, from the ancient Greeks onwards, can help explain the violent experience of so may parts of the world since 1945. At its heart is the question of what makes the contemporary challenge posed by civil war so different to that of past periods - and what, if anything, is new about the experience of civil war at the dawn of the twenty-first century.

CIVIL WAR

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Civil war.

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This paper examines the impact of foreign interventions on Libya's civil wars since the 2011 uprisings. Although Libya's conflict is often described as a battle between the Government of National Accord in Tripoli and General Khalifa Haftar's forces in the east, the war is actually an agglomeration of microconflicts. This paper reviews how disparate militias in Libya have engaged with foreign sponsors, including the US, France, Russia, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and others. Libyan actors have consistently used foreign assets to pursue their own agenda, making them unruly and unreliable proxies in the greater Middle East contest.

Civil war.

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Civil war

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Civil war